Supreme Court Cases Dealing with Pornography

The Supreme Court has addressed pornography more often than almost any other issue of comparable specificity, and small wonder why—the Court has read an implicit obscenity exception to the free speech clause, giving it the unenviable responsibility of interpreting an unstated 18th-century definition of obscenity two centuries later. And the more the Court has attempted to define obscenity, the more complex that definition has become.The Supreme Court made things slightly easier for itself in three cases, all decided between 1967 and 1973.Jacobellis v. Ohio (1967)Forced to determine whether the art film Les Amants was obscene, despite the fact that it was obviously not intended to serve as pornography, the Court acknowledged the difficulty of its job—before ruling in favor of the film on multiple, vague grounds. Justice Potter Stewart memorably captured the Courts challenge: It is possible to read the Courts opinion in [past pornography cases] in a variety of ways. In saying this, I imply no criticism of the Court, which, in those cases, was faced with the task of trying to define what may be indefinable. I have reached the conclusion, which I think is confirmed at least by negative implication in the Courts [recent decisions] that, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, criminal laws in this area are constitutionally limited to hard-core pornography. I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description, and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that. These are the rights that appellant is asserting in the case before us. He is asserting the right to read or observe what he pleases -- the right to satisfy his intellectual and emotional needs in the privacy of his own home. He is asserting the right to be free from state inquiry into the contents of his library. Georgia contends that appellant does not have these rights, that there are certain types of materials that the individual may not read or even possess. Georgia justifies this assertion by arguing that the films in the present case are obscene.But we think that mere categorization of these films as obscene is insufficient justification for such a drastic invasion of personal liberties guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Whatever may be the justifications for other statutes regulating obscenity, we do not think they reach into the privacy of ones own home. If the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch. Our whole constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving government the power to control mens minds. The difficulty is that we do not deal with constitutional terms, since obscenity is not mentioned in the Constitution or Bill of Rights †¦ for there was no recognized exception to the free press at the time the Bill of Rights was adopted which treated obscene publications differently from other types of papers, magazines, and books †¦ What shocks me may be sustenance for my neighbor. What causes one person to boil up in rage over one pamphlet or movie may reflect only his neurosis, not shared by others. We deal here with a regime of censorship which, if adopted, should be done by constitutional amendment after full debate by the people.Obscenity cases usually generate tremendous emotional outbursts. They have no business being in the courts. If a constitutional amendment authorized censorship, the censor would probably be an administrative agency. Then criminal prosecutions could follow as, if, and when publishers defied the censor and sold their literature. Under that regi me, a publisher would know when he was on dangerous ground. Under the present regime -- whether the old standards or the new ones are used -- the criminal law becomes a trap. In practice, all but the most harmful and exploitative forms of pornography have generally been decriminalized despite the Courts relative lack of clarity on this issue.

A Story of a Madman or a Paranoid Murderer - 1310 Words

A Story of a Madman or a Paranoid Murderer? Often referred to as the â€Å"architect of the modern short story,† Edgar Allen Poe paints a vivid picture of a seemingly insane man murdering his elderly roommate in the short story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† (â€Å"Biography†). It is a great example of Poe’s style, with the major themes being insanity, paranoia, and murder. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a short story written with the intent of focusing on the psyche of the main character. Since it is told from a first-person point of view, the audience is able to see what the protagonist is thinking and how his plan of this murder develops (â€Å"Biography†). This story might just seem like a tale of insanity, guilt, and murder, but upon further examination, it is a tale of moral deficiency, superhuman ability, paranoia, and ironic dissemblance. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, Poe’s use of the unreliable narrator is very well executed, because the lack of certain details adds to the suspense of this grim story. The reader is able to focus on the raw details of the murderous plot and the events that follow, in addition by leaving out certain details, it leads to some interesting questions. Who is the narrator’s audience that he is confessing the details of his crime to? What is the disease that he speaks of in the beginning? Is guilt the main reason for his confession at the end of the story? Perhaps the most obvious question raised after reading â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart,† is whether the main character actuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It is told by anonymous narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity, while describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man wit h a filmy vulture-eye (cataract eye), as the narrator calls it. The murder is carefully calculated, and the murderer dismembers the body and hides it under the floorboards. Ultimately the narrator s guilt manifests itself in the form of the sound ( hallucinatory) of the old man sRead MoreThemes Of Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde And Macbeth1322 Words   |  6 Pagestheir goal as they act without care of the consequences, which result in violent battles with others. Jekyll, when he is transformed into Hyde, does not have concern for what happens to others. Enfield, a cousin of Utterson, relays to Utterson the story of how Hyde hurts a young girl. â€Å"The man [who tramples] calmly over the child’s body and [leaves] her screaming on the ground† is Hyde, whom Enfield envisions in his head whenever walking by the corner of the incident (Stevenson 7). Hyde, being theRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1427 Words   |  6 PagesGhoshal 27 September 2015 The Tell Tale Heart In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe, the reader is presented with the short story of a madman who narrates his murder of an old man because, â€Å"he had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it† (Poe 105). The narrator has thought thoroughly about his plan to murder this old man, and the murderer then stashes his body underneath the floorboards. Eventually, his guilt overcomes him and he starts hallucinating that he hears theRead MoreThe Journey of the Mind in Shakespeares Hamlet757 Words   |  3 Pagescircumstances surrounding this lead into the encompassing self-tribulation that will be the theme of his journey, with his inner shifting subconsciousness affecting the outer events of his journey. The journey’s catalyst was his decision to seek the murderer of the prior king, leading into his confrontation with the elderly seer and planting the first seeds of doubt. Going from his assuredness in addressing the people prior, we n ow have insight to the depths of his pride at even the slightest hint thatRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allan Poe2376 Words   |  10 Pageshave taken different positions on the motives and sanity for the narratives in Edgar Allan Poe’s, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† (1846) and â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† (1843). Some view the stories as having a motive and the characters as being completely sane. While others say that there were no reasons for the murders in both of these stories, but came to the conclusion that the characters were psychotic and just ill- natured people. Also, they believe that a simple insult should not cause a person to kill. ThoseRead MoreLolita by Vladimir Nabokov1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe narrator of a story is the person or object who is telling the story from, typically, their point of view. The narrator is normally a character within the story, who provides a further explanation as to what is occurring throughout the piec e of literature. It is important to have a reliable narrator to tell the story. An unreliable narrator tends to lead to doubts on whether or not the story is being told exactly how it happened and being told without bias. An unreliable narrator can leave theRead MoreComparison of Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart and Stephen Kings Misery2211 Words   |  9 Pages--not destroyed --not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily --how calmly I can tell you the whole story. (Poe, 1843) Poe states that he does not know how he first acquired the idea but that once it had entered into his mind that the idea overtook him. He had no reason for what he had done and in fact, he loved the old man and the old man had neverRead More Helter Skelter - Manson vs. the Myth Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I walk your streets and am right out there with you,† boasted serial killer Charles Manson almost twenty years after being sentenced to life in prison (Emmons 227). Most people would probably dismiss this statement as the delusional ranting of a madman, yet, were they to examine the attention of and, possibly, the influence on society that Manson has had and continues to have, they would be forced to admit that there is some truth to Manson’s proclamation. [2] When Manson and his so-calledRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe2132 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Theme The short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, is told from the point of view of a man who, who has an ever growing obsession to kill this old blind man. The story takes place with the narrator and the old man living together. The narrator is obsessed with the old man’s vulture like eyes, which he stalks every night until he takes actions into his own hands and murders the old man getting rid of his obsession. After the murdering of the old man and hiding hisRead MoreCompare and Contrast American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis and the Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro Focussing on the Topic of the Unreliable Narrator3332 Words   |  14 PagesStevens. Both novels are comparable in the sense they examine the topic of failure using unreliable narrators that will do anything to escape the idea that they are failures. A popular debate regarding American Psycho is whether Patrick Bateman is a murderer or not, certainly Bateman describes in detail of murders he commits and why he commits them, however, certain factors bring Bateman’s reliability of narration into question. Bruno Zerweck argues that due to the lack of ‘detective framework’ and ‘unintentional

Sandro Boticelli Essay Example For Students

Sandro Boticelli Essay Sandro Botticelli, born Alessandro Mariano Filipepi, was the son of a tanner. He was born in Florence around 1445 and showed a talent for painting at a very early age. Botticelli was first apprenticed under a goldsmith named Sandro, from whom it is believed he derived his nickname. At the age of sixteen, he served an apprenticeship with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi Durant, 1953. From Lippi he learned to create the effect of transparency, to draw outlines, and to give his pictures fluidity and harmony. He also worked with painter and engraver Antonio del Pollaiuolo, from whom he gained his sense of line. By 1470, Botticelli had his own workshop and had developed a highly personal style characterized by elegant execution, a sense of melancholy, and a strong emphasis on line. Botticelli spent most of his life working for the great families of Florence, including the Medici family. Botticellis name appears regularly in the account books of members of the Medici family, for whom he painted banners, portraits, and altarpieces along with paintings of allegorical or mythological subject matter. Likenesses of the Medici family are found in various paintings including Judith, Madonna of the Magnificat, and Adoration of the Magi. Apart from his works for members of the Medici family, Botticelli received many commissions from other prominent members of the Florentine society, including the Vespucci family. Botticelli first made a name for himself by his paintings of the Virgin and Child, and was given a public commission to paint Fortitude which was to be hung in the Trade law court. In about 1481, Botticelli, along with Ghirlandaio, Perugino, and Cosimo Rosselli, was called to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to decorate the walls of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. Botticelli controlled the scheme and executed three of the frescoes. The large scale of these works and the attempt to include several stages of narrative in one composition were not fully mastered and remain confused and disorganized Gowing, 1983. In his paintings, Botticelli retained enough objects and paid enough attention to the human body to create a sense of realism, but it is evident that he was more concerned with the spiritual presence of his subjects Magill, 1989. Because of this, his subjects were less individualized in terms of their clothing or bodily structure and the sense of a domestic scene was not emphasized. Feminine beauty was so much a part of Botticellis classical and religious paintings that is has been speculated that he was deeply influenced by the Neoplatonists, who equated the concept of beauty with truth Magill, 1989. Botticelli was influenced less by exciting scientific rules for drawing than by the thinking of humanists such as Ficino and the religious fervor that swept through Florence when the French invaded Italy. Botticellis brilliant drawings did not contain the grace and charm as those of Ficino, but were definite and strong. His paintings are not so much illustrations of his subjects as they are  the subjects themselves Magill, 1989. It is as though the apprehension of eternal beauty and perfection were itself a matter composed of his rhythmical lines, soothing colors, and elongated shapes. Botticellis allegorical paintings, including Primavera and The Birth of Venus, are his most successful and best-known works. These paintings are largely undocumented but can be dated in the late 1470s. Their exact meaning, as well as the circumstances surrounding their commissioning, is still uncertain. Precise identification of the figures is frustrated by the fact that Botticellis female types rarely change. This observation has lead critics to believe that the allegories were partially intended as exemplars. .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .postImageUrl , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:visited , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:active { border:0!important; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:active , .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5 .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3348a7219989d2f13caed98df8e440d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dutch and flemish paintings EssayIn the 1490s, Botticelli experienced a religious crisis. Around the year 1498, Florence was troubled by the violent words of Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who spoke against anything that was not, in his view, necessary to the life of man. The population was in great turmoil, divided between his followers and the angry ones, until he was eventually burnt at the stake in the Piazza della Signoria. These events affected Botticelli deeply, and his works of the time showed a dramatic force, not previously present. They developed a more careful characterization of the faces, which became more serious and concentrated. His subsequent works reflected an intense religious devotion. Botticelli lived during a time when masterpieces were ground out on a daily basis and when humdrum or copycat art did not exist Milani, 1996. The period between 1500 and 1750 was a time of unparalleled, world-class creativity and discovery. Botticelli worked at the beginning of the Renaissance, when artists and philosophers were gaining confidence about their ability to understand nature. Although Botticelli was viewed as a technically resourceful painter in his time, he was eventually eclipsed by Leonardo da Vinci, whose range of human gestures, dynamic compositions, and use of light and shade made Botticelli seem old-fashioned. However, in the late nineteenth century, he was reinstated because he represented the simplicity and sincerity of early Italian art. Botticellis previous standing among the leading artists of his day ensured that even though the new generation of artists, such as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo, received the most important commissions, Botticellis opinion was still valued. It was suggested that to Isabella dEste that Botticelli should be invited to complement Mantegnas contribution to her Studiolo, and tow years later he was among those who were called upon to decide on the placing of Michelangelos David in Florence. After 1500, there are no paintings from Botticellis hand. He was only fifty-six, and still might have had some art left in him, but he yielded place to Leonardo and Michelangelo, and lapsed into morose poverty. Sandro Botticelli died in 1510 after painting Scenes from the Life of the Virgin, The Last Actions of St. Zanobi, and Mystic Nativity a few years earlier. .

Obedience Essays - Social Psychology, Conformity, Guggenheim Fellows

Obedience Does everyone in society go against what they believe in merely to satisfy an authority figure? Stanley Milgram's "Perils Of Obedience" expresses that most of society supports the authority figure regardless of their own personal ideals. Milgram says to the reader, "For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained behavioral tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct" (Milgram 606). Is Milgram's statement telling us obedience is an unparalleled force in today's society? Two authors, George Orwell and Langston Hughes, provide us with incidents that support Milgrams findings. George Orwell's work, "Shooting an Elephant," can be used as an example of Milgram's discoveries. He recalls an account of himself as a British policeman called upon to take action against a belligerent elephant rampaging through a small Burmese Village. Orwell makes it a point to show that the natives of the village, "who at any other time would have looked upon the him in disfavor," are now backing him in hopes of the animals destruction. Orwell realizes it is quite unnecessary to kill the animal, yet does it anyway. Why might you ask? Milgrims findings on people's obedience to authority can be seen as an answer to this question. In the reading Orwell says, "And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it: I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly."(Orwell 771). With this statement, we can easily determine the role the villagers take on. Suddenly, they have taken on the role of the authority figure and Orwell the conforming citizen. In Milgram's "Perils Of Obedience", the test subjects or "teachers" follow the experimenter's authority and inflict punishment upon the actors or"learners" without any regard to their own feelings. In Orwell's writings, he has also put the natives or "authority" ahead of his own personal convictions and has proven Milgram an astute judge of human character. Langston Hughes, author of "Salvation" offers us a different perspective on Milgram's findings, "obedience before morality." Mr. Hughes paints a picture of himself as a little boy, whose decisions at a church revival, directly reflect mans own instinctive behavioral tendencies for obedience. A young Langston, "who's congregation wants him to go up and get saved," gives into obedience and ventures to the altar as if he has seen the light of the Holy Spirit. Can he really see it or is this just a decision to give into the congregation, or what we consider "the authority?" Milgram's "deeply ingrained human impulses" are evident at this point. Hughes goes on to say, "So I decided that maybe to save further trouble, I'd better lie, too, and say that Jesus had come, and get up and be saved; So I did" (Hughes 32). In saying this, Young Langston has obviously overlooked his personal belief of a"visual" Holy Spirit to meet the level of obedience laid out by the congregation. Once again, Stanley Milgram's theories are correct. His discoveries bind us to the fact that people may believe strongly in an idea or thought but, will overlook that belief to be obedient. In conclusion, what does this leave the reader to think? Do people conform to authority? Is society holding back its views inorder to meet a level of obedience? Stanley Milgram has pointed out a human characteristic that may very well be in each and every one of us. George Orwell and Langston Hughes have both given us two examples that support and defend this theory. With all this evidence compounded, we "the reader" can make a justified assumption that everyone in society has, at one time or another, overlooked his or her personal feelings to conform. This occurrence, whether it is instinctive or judgmental is one that each individual deals with a personal level.

Do animals possess moral rights

The question as to whether animals possess moral rights has triggered a fierce debate ever since the Darwinian ages. Critics such as Tom Regan have criticized the use of animals in human research and experiments on grounds that it violates the moral rights of animals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do animals possess moral rights? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such arguments have been challenged by another side of moral philosophy that argues that non-human animals lack moral worth, and therefore, cannot demand any moral obligation towards them. These arguments can only be addressed to a satisfactory level by analyzing the aspects of humans that elevates humanity to a higher moral status that supersedes that of other animals. Carl Cohen argues that animals cannot be given the same moral considerations because they lack independent moral will, and therefore, they cannot claim moral rights. Cohen, howe ver, disputes that, animals’ lack of rights cannot be used by humans to alleviate themselves some obligation to animals because obligation is not necessarily based on a right. To say that an animal should be given moral consideration signifies that those who recognize moral claims have a duty to reciprocate the same to other beings that share the same qualities. The main question that arises out of this argument is that, can animals be wronged in any way that can be said to be morally relevant? It is widely believed that only humans possess emotions and are, therefore, the only beings that can make claims on any moral grounds. Those such as Cohen who argue against animal rights, base their arguments largely on the perceived none sentient nature of non-human animals. Cohen concludes that because animals do not have the ability to comprehend the rules of moral duty and cannot exercise claims against others, they do not have any moral rights. Accepting the claims presented by Co hen would mean a justification for humanity to subject animals to acts that cause suffering, discomfort, pain, and even death. Opposing these views is Tom Regan who presents a radical egalitarian argument for animal rights. He argues that animals that are exploited by humans for various uses have a life of their own that plays some importance to them other than just being resources for human beings. They have a sense of their environment and they have individual, biological, and social needs, which when violated, subject them to pain or deprive them of pleasure. Regan holds the view that it is fundamentally wrong for humans to use animals for food, experiments, research, and in any other way that treats animals as resources.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regan’s views are quite radical, while Cohen’s argument that moral rights can only be claimed by those who recognize th em and can understand the related rules is inadequate. This means that even those humans who are unable to comprehend moral contracts, for example, mentally unstable persons, cannot claim moral rights, and other humans similarly do not have a moral duty towards them. Cohen fails to address this challenge. It is also unfounded to argue that animals do not feel pain or pleasure. Because humans do not understand how some animals express their emotions is not qualified to justify the argument that such animals lack emotions. Humans are very different in a variety of ways from other animals, as well as within themselves as a species. However, these differences cannot be used as a philosophical defense to deny moral consideration to non-human animals. Humans have a duty to treat other animals with respect and dignity because duties are not necessarily based on moral right. This essay on Do animals possess moral rights? was written and submitted by user Ultra-Adaptoid to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Drug Tests Unconstitutional Essays

Drug Tests Unconstitutional Essays Drug Tests Unconstitutional Essay Drug Tests Unconstitutional Essay The Supreme Court recently ruled that random drug testing is constitutional for students who participate in sports or any extracurricular activities. I do not think the Supreme Court should make random drug tests constitutional. Making students take drug tests is just another way for the Supreme Court to dig their claws in peoples’ everyday lives. When you take a drug test you are submitting yourself to be judged. If you refuse, people will assume you are doing drugs, if you take it, you are trying to prove your innocence. The law is assuming everyone is guilty of using drugs, by having random drug tests. I believe you should not punish the innocent with the guilty. One of the reasons I think taking random drug tests is wrong is because, it is an invasion of privacy. I personally, being in sports and extracurricular activities, would not want to have to take a drug test when I know I do not use drugs. Randomly giving drug tests takes away a person’s freedom and right to say â€Å"No†. I strongly believe if you take away that right people will start rebelling against the school and the law. People will stop being in extracurricular activities and playing sports out of fear, being found out or to keep their privacy. If students start rebelling, the school will lose a lot of good players and participants. Either they will quit or their parents will take them out, because not only are the kids being put on display but their families as well. By losing an abundance of participants or players the school will get a bad reputation. Sports and academics are the two most important things at our school. As small of a thing as taking random drug tests is, it could mess up the order of the school. Some people might think it is needed to weed out the innocent and guilty, but there are ways of getting around drug tests. You can use another person’s pee or you can use an ointment to mask the drugs, there are probably many other ways. Also no test is one hundred percent accurate. On many occasions people get in trouble over a test discrepancy. Making random drug tests a law is not going to solve anything. In conclusion, I think random drug tests are wrong and an invasion of privacy. It should not take place in schools, because it will only cause problems and result in riots. When making laws the government should consider all aspects of the situation. Even though it could tell us who is using drugs and who is dishonest, in this generation people know of many ways to get around failing a drug test. So there is no sure way of weaving the bad away from the good.

Adler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adler - Essay Example Of these ‘marking’ has been the issue which has been repeatedly cultivated. Marking has been an age old tradition for indigenous book addicts, & they have been the greatest champions of this approach. But is marking really effective in reality as its propagators quote to it to be? This answer requires a few notions to be discoursed. First let’s be clear; marking books is necessary but not obligatory. A reader who is enjoying a book from a spiritual plane may not require marking a book as he automatically gets involved with the metaphysical components of the book. Here a fundamental perception must be clarified. Marking a book is nothing more than an intellectual phenomenon. A person who does not possess the heart & soul of concentrating in the labyrinth of the pages can never attain his goal solely resting on the process of marking. The entire process of marking is of a clichà © orientation. It encourages a person to scribble & squander the beauty of the mother article thereby destroying its tranquility. Yes, marking is a necessary aspect of reading. But it can never be the heart of it. It involves a mechanical process which may prove devastating for the reader’s psychic quotient. Reading should be all about enjoying, not writing & criticizing on the mother article right from the introduction. Fi nally all books do not require marking. The subject of the book determines the logic as what should be done with it. Indiscriminate marking in each & every book only alleviates complexity. Marking nevertheless has helped me in getting over numerous socio-political theories in books like Machiavelli’s, ‘The Prince’, Karl Marx’s ‘Das Capital’ & Robert Bresson’s ‘Theory of Film Language’. The markings in these books were mainly simplified summaries of the original text. It was written with the Endeavour to explore the inner world of these literatures in an easier manner. Adler develops a unique & interesting method to read

Dilemmas in the Intensive Care Unit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dilemmas in the Intensive Care Unit - Case Study Example As Littleton, and Engebretson (2005) observe, a young teenager who has received no childbirth preparation will need more teaching than other;   it is also said that the woman in labor is of central importance; not the nurse, doctor or nurse-midwife (p. 506). So, the first step will be easing the tension of Rachel and providing support. For this purpose, the service of chaplain will be utilized. A chaplain will be summoned quickly to handle the fear and stress of Rachel.The second step will be to make the parents understand the seriousness of the situation. They will be advised on the importance to have a proper medical intervention as there is fetal distress. Even if they do not provide consent, considering the seriousness of the situation, the doctor on duty will be informed of the situation.As the situation is gradually getting critical, it becomes necessary to ensure the availability of staff in case of an emergency. Considering the fact that the doctor on duty is attending anot her emergency case, necessary steps will be taken to ensure the presence of staff to handle the situation to avoid risk. It is possible that the doctor on duty has got busy on another emergency that might take a long time. In addition, Rachel’s situation is getting critical.  In the second case, the ethical issue is whether to allow Yves to enter the ICU to visit Alain Trottier. As Molter (2007) observes, nurses should have the skill to model interaction between the patient and family; and, continuing rigid restrictive visiting practices when it is certain that it is not beneficial is an ethical question in concern (p. 70). In the case of Alain Trottier, it is evident that Yves, his domestic partner, was along with him in the ER and is still in the hospital. In addition, the patient has been unconscious for a day and still, there is no change in the situation and no diagnosis had been made. In addition, hospital policy allows domestic partners to be treated as married coupl es. In addition, as per the policy, it is Yves who is responsible to make decisions for the patient. Carter and Lopert   (2005, p.94) say that if possible, staff should allow some flexibility in visiting schedules and should keep family and friends apprised of the patient’s support needs.

Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmaceutical Industry - Essay Example This is to ensure the safety of administering a new drug to health volunteers and patients (Novartis 2004). Prior to the therapeutic trials in patients, which is the Phase 1 trials, the pharmaceutical company will need to have: the preclinical testing data and findings from the laboratory studies, the manufacturing information, clinical protocols and investigator information in the form of an Investigator's Brochure which will contain all the information about the study drug (MHRA 2006). This information will be required by the licensing authority, which in the UK is the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency as part of the application for a Clinical Trials Authorisation which would enable a trial to be conducted in humans. In addition to this Authorisation, the pharmaceutical company will need to obtain a favourable ethical opinion and approval from the site where this drug will be tested. Once all required approvals are in place, the drug can be tested in a Phase 1 trial in healthy subjects. If the results of this trial are positive and no serious adverse events or suspected unexpected serious adverse events occur, then this progresses to a Phase 2 trial in subjects with the disease or medical condition. The key issues that

Cognitive View of Depressive Disorders

Cognitive View of Depressive Disorders Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic explanation with the cognitive view of depressive disorders. Freud debated that people whose requirements weren’t met during the uttered stage of psychosexual occurrence are exposed to emerging melancholy in maturity because this causes low self-respect and extreme reliance.Persons who are exceptionally reliant on another people are notably expected to arise recession after such a demise. Resentment at the death is vicarious onto the self, which influences self-respect and affects the person to re discover damage that appeared in nonage. Has frontage authority, Early harm does not constantly foretell dejection and the main flaw of Freud’s theory is the lacking firsthand support and so is neither provable nor falsifiable. As stated in this approach, gloominess is caused because of maladaptive education. The mores of operant conditioning have been realistic to clarify misery with the help of boosting and mistreatment. Lack of positive support or too much rough treatment leads towards depression. As stated by Lewinsohn (1974,) that sadness is because of decline in positive backup as a outcome of certain type of damage, e.g. redundancy, relationship breakdown. Moreover, once depressed, the person may get encouraging vibes such as kindness and devotion. In 1974 Hiroto run down three clusters of human members: such as wide open to a booming noise they couldn’t break; exposed to a rowdy noise they could stay by pressing a button; and was unable to hear a loud pitch. All candidates were then positioned in face of a rectangular pack with a knob on it and exposed to loud pitch. Unidentified to the candidates, the pitch could be switched off by affecting the grip from one side to another. The participants previously exposed to a loud pitch they couldn’t end showed experienced helplessness by failing to move the handle. Reductionist Environmentally deterministic Ignores nature Extrapolation Face validity Ecological validity Population validity Cognitive dysfunction in attribution way (attribution model of Abramson et al.’s ) and theory of self, the universe, and the expectations (Beck’s cognitive triad) have been interconnected to the growth of depression. Negative schemas develop at some stage in childhood as a result of serious interpersonal outcomes, and are started when the entity facing the same situations in upcoming life. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978) established Seligman’s effort with the model, which visualizes how people react to failure. Abramson again with Metalsky, and Alloy (1989) presented the actual theory because they linked few significance to the focused attributions and more significance to the concept that depressed person present a general logic of hopelessness. Evans et al. (2005) also presented a prospective theory and found that females with the highest ranking for negative self-beliefs at the time of pregnancy were 60% more possible to become depressed consequently t han those at the bottom side. An upper number of stressful life events mainly precede depression. During the survey, Interviews of depressed women resulted that 61% of affected women had badly faced at least one very stressful event in her life as compared to 19% of a non-depressed normal women. Social and family support was recognized as an entity that protected from depression, only 10% of women having a close and true friend faced depression compared to 37% of the women without an warm and dear friend (Brown Harris, 1978). According to socio-cultural theorists the frequency of key depressive disorder is inclined strongly by demographic factors. Marital rank is one more important social and demographic factor. Blazer et al. (1994) noticed that individuals with divorce were high depressed than those who are married or had never been into any relation. Culture has an impact on the natural world of the symptoms experienced because people in non-Western countries state mostly physical symptoms (e.g. sleep, fatigue and disturbances), on the other hand self-blame and guilt are more common symptoms in Western countries. Throughout the whole discussion it can be observed that Freud’s’ ideas are very explicit in making a clear direction about the components to make up a human personality in different stages of life (Lanea). According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, there are two basic components of the conscious and unconscious mind. These parts contribute in identification of the self-personality by the human. Every personality has different states of mind as conscious and unconscious mind together makes interaction to develop human personality. His ideas also helped in revealing the elements dividing the human personality like id, ego and superego. The fundamental structure of human mind is actually the primary base of the human behaviors and personality in different life stages. Bibliography Lanea, Christopher. Philosophy of the unconscious: Vacillating on the scene of writing in Freuds project. Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism (1994): 98-129. Brown Harris, Vulnerability Factors, 1978. Blazer et al, Lifetime risk of Depression, 1994. Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy, Hopelessness Depression, 1989. Why is the concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder? Sigmund Freud is a prominent figure in psychology known as a creator of psychoanalysis i.e. analysis of the mind. He was the one who presented a complete set of theories and ideas about the personality and ultimately made composition of an interchange between the psychic structures and events within psychosexual stages of development (Gallinek). Despite his theories and ideas faced high level of criticism in terms of their circularity and gender specificity, a relative fact cannot be undermined that reflects his theories and ideas can be used to make identification of person’s personality in different life stages (Vivas). Both the Abraham Maslow and Dostoevsky have showed and given their perceptions and descriptions about concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder and the needs of an individual in life and their priorities in their individual statements. However, Abraham Maslow’s idea looks more practical and realistic as the major population in the world first seeks for the necessity like food (Caldwell and Mou). It can be noted here that how the person is capable of doing anything in his life even searching for his identity or the purpose in his life, in the absence of the physical energy provided by him in the form of food. Some needs of the people hold priorities over others. The Maslows hierarchy of need place fundamental emphasis upon the need for the satisfaction of the hunger. Order of prioritization can be deemed as a basic element of the disagreement between two statements (Frankl). In order to understand how Freud’s theories and ideas are helpful for the identification of the personality in different life stages, it is necessary to understand the new way introduced by him in making analysis of the human behavior. According to him, metal energy is the basic source of devising a human behavior (Ahmed). These energies are produced by the libido, which is a part of Id and creates the energy through survival and sexual instincts. A worth noting point about his theories and ideas is that these revolves around the unconscious mind as according to him unconscious mind play a vital role in developing human behaviors and ultimately his personality (Harvard Womens Health Watch). On the other hand, when we consider the statement written by the novelist, Fyodor Dosteovsky, he gave the priority to self-actualization needs of an individual, which means search for the personal identity (Ndimunkum). His individual believes can be proved from the verses of Bible as the book gave the same idea in the place of different references representing that man does not survive only on the bread alone, but also all those things that are made available by the God for him (Coleman). The individuals accepting the teachings of Bible would be capable of reacting and sensing in the same way (Green). The another example supporting the statement of the Dostoevsky is the act of fasting that is experienced by the humans in their life, sacrificing their need of love for the sake of accomplishment of the purpose. Additionally there are number of individuals suffering from the different types of mental confusions and disorders, and in this situation, they do not give any importance to the food or diet simply because of the depression, anxiety and insecurity practiced by them (Frankl). However, both the statements can be implemented with respect to certain situations and even with the mutual integration. It can be depicted that though the priorities of the two psychologists are different, yet there are numerous activities that are used to satisfy the human needs can at the same time respond to both the priorities including food and hunger. Farming, planting and transportation activities on the one hand can provide the platform for earning money to get food for the satisfaction of hunger as well as also become an edge for the searching of the individual purpose to lead the live (Green). It is true that no man can survive without food and give reference to it over love and self-esteem, yet without a clear purpose and identification, individual would soon be bored with the life he is leading, even though he has enough food to eat. Conclusively, these needs cannot be studied in isolation as they have great significance on the quality of life of a man and upon the psychological satisfaction of him. Nothing is less important as each element in the life possess its individual place (Hessong and Weeks; Journal of human behavior) Bibliography Hessong, Robert F. and Thomas Harold Weeks. Introduction to education. Macmillan, 1987. Green, Christopher D. A Theory of Human Motivation. 2000. Classics in the History of Psychology. 20 July 2012 http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm>. Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006. Coleman, James Kaii. Living by Bread Alone: Mans Quest for the Good Life. iUniverse, 2008. Ndimunkum, Mike Tangunu. The Greatness of America. AuthorHouse, 2009. Harvard Womens Health Watch. Psychoanalysis: Theory and treatment. Harvard Womens Health Watch (2006): 4-5. Ahmed, Sofe. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†. Internal journal of English and literature (2012): 60-70. Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006. Caldwell, Linda and Shela Mou. Integrating Social Science Ecosystem Management: A National Challenge. DIANE Publishing, 1997. Vivas, Eliseo. THE LEGACY OF SIGMUND FREUD. Kenyon Review (1989): 110-118. Gallinek, M.D. Alfred. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. (1964): 87-91. Explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms. How do these symptoms affect the functional outcomes and quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia? The conceptualization of stress and schizophrenia along with their impact on mental and physical health of patients has gained significant importance. It is obvious that the organisms are subjected to evolutionary pressures from the environment. The ability to respond to environmental threats along with stressors has enhanced survival along with the physiological responses. Alzheimer’s disease responses to stressful situations can be the part of adaptive responses because the risks inherent in the situation (Harrell). Therefore, the paper is discussing the conceptualization of stress and immunity regarding the stress and immunity on health of patients. These aspects are discussed in the context of the counseling while discussing the consequent impacts on normal functioning abilities of patients. There are different studies contributing to the conceptualizing of Alzheimer’s disease as situations that can be considered as stressful. The taxonomy can be adopted to characterize the stressors, which has the advantage of differentiating the stressors on important dimensions namely duration and course. It further includes five categories of stressors. Acute time limited stressors involve laboratory related challenges such as public speaking (Cervantes and Castro). The brief naturalistic stressors involve a person confronting a real life challenge for short term period. In stressful event sequences, a focal event causes the emergence of a related sequential events and challenges. It is found that affected people do not know when these challenges will subside but they are aware of the fact that the challenges will subside in future. It can be said that the situation in which a body perceives a threat, series of chemical and physical responses occur. The major response is the activation of the autonomic nervous system involving a part of the nervous system that is abnormally under control. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system regulates the stress response while the relaxation response is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system (Hwang and Ting). The body secretes catecholamines helping in preparation of the person to fight or turn from the threat and run. The release of such hormones triggers the fight or flight response in patients. The increase in the chronic stress can affect the human body negatively as it can increase the risk for developing heart disease, asthma, arthritis, hypertension, migraine, and ulcers (Cervantes and Castro). According to experts panel report of Experimental biology 2004, it is identified that mechanisms as well as pathways through which the hormonal response to situations of schizophrenia influence functions of person social responses. These changes represent to have effects on susceptibility, onset and exacerbation of different mental as well as health diseases such as atherosclerotic, depression, multiple sclerosis and others. It is observed that stress makes interface in between endocrine hormonal and the immune system active. However, if the perception of stress represents to lie for short-term basis hormonal alterations ultimately fade away (Eisenman, Bergner and Cohen). In reference to the cases when the stressful sensory input continues it initiates dysregulation of immune system, at the same time it tends to influence the production of distinctive soluble aspects that refers to have impacts on brain. Specifically these intense responses of clients preferably linked with enhanced vulnerability in order to create a clinically considerable depression in between chronic immune stimulation. There are number of stressful situations of patients that ultimately influence immune system of client such as divorce that preferably generate chronic stress. It is observe that stress immediately affects immune system as grabbling with swirl of different negatively influencing thoughts and emotions, as there is not a surprise if immune system of patient takes a abrupt nosedive. Disease generates profound impacts on biological functions of individual, it is due to the reason that central nervous system of human body is directly associated with brain, spinal cord as well as closely functions with endocrine system that is responsible for hormonal distribution. In the similar way, stress also enhances chances of heart disease, causes blood pressure, chest pain and other heart related problems. In conclusion, there are also some other stress related issues other than heart disease that most of the depression patients represent these involves asthma, obesity, anxiety, diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, accelerated aging and most obvious is premature death. While conducting analysis it is identified that the death rate it almost 63% of patients with persistent stress in comparison with normal (Berk). However, there are number of studies that denote that there are number of ways through which people can fight against stress such as deep breathing or reframing the situation can generate higher positive responses. In the similar way, stress also make patients crave for fats and carbohydrates that cause weight gain and rises risk of diabetes. Bibliography: Berk, Jay H. Trauma and resilience during war: A look at the children and humanitarian aid workers of Bosnia. Psychoanalytic Review 85.4 (1998): 639-65. David P,Eisenman and Sharone Bergner and Ilene Cohen. A model victim: idealizing trauma wounds causes traumatic stress in person rights workers. Person Rights 4 Review (2000): 106-114. Cervantes, Richard C. and Felipe G. Castro. Stress, Coping, and Mexican American Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 7.1 (2003): 1-73. Hwang, Wei-Chin and Julia Y. Ting. Disaggregating the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on the mental health of Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 14.2 (2008): 147-154. Harrell, Shelly P. A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Racism-Related Stress: Implications for the Well-Being of People of Color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70.1 (2000): 42–57.

The History of the Metis :: World History

The History of the Metis The Metis were partly french and partly indian. Their leader was called Louis riel. Following the Union of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company in 1821, trading had been reorganized in order to reduce expenses. Since there was no longer competition in the fur trade, it was unnecessary to have two or more posts serving a single trading district. For this reason, some posts had been closed and the number of brigades reduced. This reorganization had led to some unemployment amoung Metis who for years had been working in the fur trade. The Hudson Bay Company had attempted to assist these these men by encouraging them to engage in farming in what is now South Manitoba. A few families take to agriculture, but most of the metis found it difficult. To them, the excitement and the adventure of the buffalo hunt held more appeal than farming. Hundreds of Metis were content to earn a living by hunting buffalo, making pemmican or finding employment as freight drivers. After a while Canada bought Rupertsland from Hudson Bay Company. When the Metis heard this they were alarmed. They feared their religion,their language, their lands and their old, free way of* life. They had known for some time that Canada was busy constructing a colonists highway from Lake Superior to the Red River. The situation became tense surveyors were sent into the flow of settlers, and it was considered a wise move to have the surveying well under way before settlement began in earnest. It was decided to use a system or land survey similar to that used in the western part of the United States. Townships were to be divided into thirty-six sections, each containing one square mile or 640 acres. The sections were then to be divided into, the quarter-section was thought to be enough land for each family settling in the North West. (An interesting aspect of the survey system was the plan of the setting asside two sections in each township for the future support of education. The idea to sell these sections at a later date and use the money for the construction of schools.) When th survey began, friction occured in those areas where the french specking Metis had settled along the river, occupying long narrow strips in the manner common in New France. Attempts were made by the surveyors to avoid disturbing the pattern, but in some cases the survey lines crossed the narrow holdings,

Intelligence Led Policing Essay

ILP is a police strategy aimed at curbing crime by use of intelligence information and appropriate deployment of resources. It can be considered objective because of its effectiveness in collection and analysis of criminal and social data. It is aimed at reduction, prevention and disruption of criminal activities through the use of effective enforcement and strategic management policies that target criminals. It analyzes the environment, influences management and executes the desired impact on crime. It works on a concept of â€Å"all crime, all hazard† which if implemented properly can help deal with common crimes, terrorism and natural calamities. It functions through the use of the different levels of intelligence which include: tactical intelligence, operational intelligence and strategic intelligence. Tactical intelligence deals with a given need and locality, operational is concerned with identification of criminal trends and other security issues and looks at ways through which they can be addressed and strategic intelligence which deals with future plans for combating crime. Psychological criminal theory is one of the theories involved. ILP uses this theory to study people’s tendencies which enables them to identify criminals. Learning theory is also incorporated in ILP operations. It helps the officers involved to learn about the criminals’ behaviors and helps them come up with strategies to prevent reoccurrence of this behavior. This theory explains that â€Å"behavior is learnt and maintained by its rewards and consequences†. If they can be able to make consequences of criminal behaviors exceed rewards by ensuring heavy penalties for criminals, it may help scare some away and reduce crime rate.

Irish travellers excluded essays

Irish travellers excluded essays Irish travellers are a minority group that experience wide-spread racism. Very few settled people want to accept that travellers are a distinct ethnic group with their own traditions and customs. They are seen through the eyes of settled people as problem communities and con-artists, rather than people who have been denied the most basic rights. In this essay I hope to prove that the travelling community do experience wide-spread racism when it comes to health and accommodation and even gaining access to establishments such as pubs and shops. The travelling community of Ireland is currently 0.5% of the population, which is approximately 24,000 people1. These people can be identified as the outsiders of Irish society due to their social structure and economics, which are significantly different from that of society at large. Travellers employment is mainly conducted in the informal sector and so remains largely untaxed, this has lead to travellers being marginalized by many disgruntled taxpayers in the settle community. This is an unfair view given that traveller women and children have always played an economic role in our society, including begging, street trading and fortune telling etc. These are people who pride themselves on their ability to survive in the most difficult of circumstances and to make a living in the most unfavourable of environments. When it comes to the health of travellers, it is proved that their life expectancy is significantly shorter than that of the settled community: the average life expectancy of a male member of the travelling community is 10 12 years less than for settled men2. This is quite a significant number of years. The dwelling quarters that many travellers occupy are a major factor when considering travellers low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates, yet the government has still not dealt with the accommodation crisis. ...

Belgrade essays

Belgrade essays Probably one of the most interesting facts about Belgrade is that it exists at all. In its long history, it has been devastated more than twenty times. The reasons people continued living there is that it ocupies a vital strategic position at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, and lies on the cross roads between east and west. The Celts were the first to settle there, and later the Romans built a city there. The Huns, the Goths and the Avars all possessed it. Finally, it was settled by the Slavs and remained, with interuptions, one of the chief cities of Serbian state, until Turks took it away from the Hungarians in 1521. Numerous battles were fought for it, in and around it. It is not surprising that very few antiquites survive, though it would be much more but for the violent German bombardment in 1941. The NATO bombardment in the spring 1999 had destroyed almost all of the very few authentic buildings, but the city wall, built in 16th century as a protection from Turk s, still remains (although in ruins) as one of the major characteristics of Belgrade. Furthermore, Serbia has been through five wars during the last decade, and Belgrade is a true image of a third world capital with the government in a trasition from dictatorship to democracy, with the devastated economy and overall decline of society. (1) Belgrade, with its two million residents, is located in Serbia , at the place where the Sava joins the Danube. It is one of the oldest cities in Europe, and besides Athens, the greatest urban whole of the Balkans. The oldest archeological artefacts in Belgrade date back to the fifth millenium BC. It is the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia, whic is multietnical country, with 63% Serbs, 14% Albanian, 6% Montenengrin, 4% Hungarian, and 13% others. 65% of the population are Christian Orthodox, 19% Muslim, 4% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant and 11% others. (2). The form of government today is multiparty federal democrac...

Drug Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drug Addiction - Essay Example It should be understood that drugs wasted people’s lives and spoil their physical and mental health. The question of prevention and lessening of drug abuse is considered to be highly important. USA government uses the number of prevention programs that fulfils their task successfully and are regarded as a basic method for the lessening of drug abuse (NIDA, 2014). Still, every person in the country is in need to realize the harmfulness of drug abuse and to perform everything possible for the lessening of this process. The author states that prevention programs are considered to be professionally developed methods of preventing drug abuse that are used in families, schools, and communities. The programs under consideration are helped people to â€Å"shape perceptions about the risks of substance use† (NIDA, 2014). With the clear understanding of consequences of drug abuse and detailed demonstration of its effects on people’s physical and mental health helps people to lessen their level of use drugs. In addition, the individual approach is also relevant and effective. It is highly important to provide a support to people who use drugs and in the stare of recovery, and to present a positive example to all members of society, as everyone may make a mistake and be involved to the drug abuse (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). People are in need to listen and to communicate with people who are under the risk (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). In such a case person who intends to use drugs may has a friend who with an advice prevent this process.

Analysis Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis Paper 1 - Essay Example THESIS STATEMENT The lines of the poem, ‘Eating Poetry’ by Mark Strand, do not fall into conventional schemes of logical thought process; it is bizarre, yet there are layers of interpretations and intercepts that can be formed from striking metaphors, paradoxical lines and conflicting concepts inherent within the poem. With this concern, this essay intends to analyze the poem, ‘Eating Poetry’ at length and confront the idea of the poet, operating behind the poem at a comprehensive level. EATING POETRY: ANALYSIS The poem, ‘Eating Poetry’ indicates immense love of the poet, for poetry. It is expressed in a bizarre way, but there is a strong sense of desperation inherent within the tone of the poet. Poet wants to express that poetry is not always about the ability to express the meaning inherent within it; far beyond the expression and understanding of meaning of a poem, lays its real essence, the language, choice of words, its symphony and its met er. All these elements get lost and subverted in understanding the real meaning of poetry at times. A poet is able to find extraordinary ideas through looking or gazing at ordinary things. A dog or a piece of log, a bizarre and not so attractive librarian who is very much confused, can also become the subject of his poetry, being the pivot or the central thought of the poem like one in ‘Eating Poetry’ (Slaughter, â€Å"Eating Poetry†). At the outset, the poetry begins with a stark indication that it is consuming the poet entirely or it can indicate that the poet is gobbling poetry like a hungry man and ‘Ink runs from the corners of my mouth’. Next in the poem, comes the bizarre and clumsy portrait of the librarian who has nothing logical to follow through the first paragraph of the poem. It is evident that the librarian is sad and under the hue of dim light with all the oddities around the queue for poetry gets lost and cannot, anymore find a concret e expression (Slaughter, â€Å"Eating Poetry†). The presence of dogs and their coming up from the basement might irritate or make the librarian feel awkward, but then the dogs are also viewed to be the integral part of the poem. Very few poets, like the poet of ‘Eating Poetry’, would be able to include even a dog into the scheme of thought process inherent in the poetry. The description of the dogs and the metaphors used to express them are also remarkable. The blond feet of the dogs seem burning that makes the librarian feel more distressed, stamping her feet and sobbing in depression (Slaughter, â€Å"Eating Poetry†). Next, the poem reaches the height of awkwardness, when the poet starts behaving like a dog, gets down on his knees and starts licking the hands of the librarian who scream in awe and fear. And the poem ends with self evaluation of the poet as a new man who engages himself behind the librarian snarling and licking her hands, which gives him an inner joy and makes him lost himself in the darkness of the books. The transition of the poet into a dog seems quite symbolic. The loyalty and faithfulness, which can be expected from a dog often misses in a man. Therefore, there might be a clear indication from the poet’

William A. Shea and His Impact on New York Research Paper

William A. Shea and His Impact on New York - Research Paper Example He was honored by naming the stadium after him, and the team New York Mets played in the stadium for approximately 45 years (Wade 150). Shea had immense political connections as well as money in New York City, he weathered the pressure from the major league owners to come up with the third league after the Giants and Dodgers moved on. William Shea made significant contributions on the New York through making the Continental league a reality in the City. Moreover, Shea was revered for introducing a junior league that promoted the growth of talent in Baseball. Besides his career as a lawyer and huge interests in Baseball. Shea was involved in philanthropic activities. This paper discusses William A. Shea and his contributions toward New York. Discussion William A. Shea was born in Washington Heights in Manhattan on June 21, 1907. Shea attended various public schools after which he studied at New York University on a sports scholarship for basketball. Later, he transferred on another sp orts scholarship to Georgetown University. In 1931, Shea was admitted to the bar at District of Columbia after which he joined the New York bar (Margolick). While in New York University, Georgetown University and Harvard Law School, Shea had a huge interest in Basketball and was a team member in these institutions. Shea graduated from the Harvard law school and worked for insurance bureaucracies after which he entered into private practice. As a lawyer, Shea garnered political influence by working voluntarily on influential boards in Brooklyn. In his legal career, Shea was a lawyer who was trusted by powerful men due to his efficiency (Margolick). Career as a Lawyer Shea held close ties with political bigwigs although he never held an elective office (Margolick). Moreover, Shea was on numerous occasions cited bragging that he had never practiced his profession in a conventional sense. Nevertheless, his career, which spanned for a period of five decades, was a period when Shea became a confidant of mayors, governors and corporate chieftains. These ties enabled him to build Shea & Gould, which is New York’s most influential and largest law firm. Shea and Gould clients included the Apple, The Mets and The Yankees among others. For a large part of his career, Shea maneuvered around banquet halls and boardrooms and was only brought to a public role when the New York Mayor enlisted his help to return the league to its glory (Margolick). Shea obtained New York’s baseball franchise via a combination of street smarts, threats, bluffs and charm that he was particularly suited in given his career as a lawyer, and not as a zealous sports fan. Moreover, his credentials may have been ridden with official appointments, encomiums, affiliations and awards but they omitted his important attribute of bringing people’s interests together (Margolick). Caliendo(2010, 18) highlights that Shea was a power broker with huge experience and spent 40 years turning sit uations facing bankers, realtors, underwriters corporate heads, cement barons, sports impresarios and politicians into profitable cases. Moreover, Shea was labeled as the unofficial chairperson of the unofficial government, who had spent a significant part of his career laboring quietly in political twilight between the public good and private interest. Shea had survived many regimes at the Shea Stadium from the reign of Casey Stengel to the reign of Bud Harrelson and during the opening days of the leagues, he presented a flowery horseshoe to the manager as Mets. Similarly, he survived many political vicissitudes during his career at the City Hall. He became a close confidant of Mayors John Lindsay, Abraham Beame

War in Iraq Essay Example for Free

War in Iraq Essay The name of the Second Gulf War has often been referred with the Iraq War, which has begun from March 20, 2003 and is still deteriorating lives of millions of people in the Iraqi region of the world. In the year 2003, invasion of Iraq was led by the United States of America, and this war is still ongoing, which has affected the world adversely. Development of weapons of mass destruction was one of the main rationales that were presented by the government of the George W. Bush, as well as, his supporters in the form of different Democratic and Republican parties. (Danchev, 2005) According to the Bush government, allies and interests of the United States posed a threat from the development of abovementioned weapons by the Iraq. In the year 2003, it was claimed during the State of the Union Address by the President George W. Bush that there was no time to wait for the imminence of the threat from the Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. However, such weapons were not found by the United States after the invasion of the Iraq. In order to support the decision of the Bush’s government, connection was made between the al-Qaeda and Saddam Hussein by the citing of their claims. (Murray, 2003) Another reason for the invasion of Iraq that was given by the George W. Bush was the democracy in the Iraq, which was necessary for the development, as well as, stability of the country due to the abuse that was being done by the government of the Saddam Hussein in the Iraq in terms of human rights before the invasion. In addition, it was been claimed that the non-military options were limited, as oil supply of the Iraq possessed economic importance in the region. However, all these claims, citations, and reasons were regarded as a technique for the invasion in the Iraq for the personal interest of the government of the George W. Bush. (Moore, 2004) March 2003 witnessed the beginning of the war in Iraq. In March 2003, Iraq was attacked by a force of American, as well as, British forces. In addition, small Australian, Dutch, and Polish contingents supported this invasion of the Iraq. Subsequently, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was overthrown in this invasion by the abovementioned forces. Iraq was occupied by the coalition that was led by the United States, and a new democratic government was established in terms of attempts by these forces. (Murray, 2003) However, order in the Iraq was not restored by the coalition forces that were led by the United States successfully. Asymmetric warfare resulted in the unrest with the insurgents of the Iraq. In addition, Sunni and Shia of the Iraq began a civil war between themselves. In order to keep in pace, operations of the al-Qaeda were also observed in the Iraq, which are still ongoing in the region and worsening and affecting lives of thousands of Iraqi civilians, as well as, the soldiers of the coalition forces. (Moore, 2004) In the result, Iraq has witnessed withdrawal of an increasing number of nations that have withdrawn their soldiers and troops from the region due to a high rate of growth of mortality of the soldiers due to a number of reasons during the war in Iraq. In addition, extreme and controversial causes, as well as, consequences have been found in remain in this war. (Danchev, 2005) Criticism As we have discussed above, Iraq War that has begun by the Bush government with the support of troops and forces of supportive countries, has been unsuccessful. In the result, a number of losses have deteriorated the United States in different and various ways. In this paper, we will try to discuss and analyze the losses that have been confronted by the United States, due to the Iraq’s invasion in March 2003 until present. Casualties of the War Many forms have been observed in the casualties of the war in Iraq since March 2003 until present. In addition, great variation has been noted in the available information, as well as, its accuracy and validity regarding the occurrence of different types of incidents that have resulted in different types of casualties in the Iraq. Daily and careful updating and tracking of the death toll of the coalition forces that have been led by the United States is done. In this regard, wide publication has been distributed and telecasted for the names and photographs of the wounded, injured, and even dead soldiers and members of the coalition forces. (Moore, 2004) However, less accuracy, reliability, and validity has been observed in the casualties of civilian, as well as, military forces of the Iraq in the war. Bias and partiality has been observed in the recording and updating of the death tolls of these forces in the region. In this regard, a number of reporters on the scene have been able to provide the estimates and other related information regarding the casualty levels of the forces in the region. In addition, organizations that are involved in the incidents and operations have also been contacted for the statistics. (Murray, 2003) Even in the great variation, it is confirmed that the Iraq War has deteriorated and terminated thousands of lives and damaged houses and habitats of many lives in the region, which has resulted in the opposition and criticism of the war by a number of experts, professionals, critics, and even the Americans. On June 28, 2004, interim government of the Iraq was handed over with the official authority over the area; towns across Iraq have shown a number of unending attacks on the coalition forces and troops. The casualty numbers of these soldiers and troops of the coalition forces are still increasing and updated by a number of different resources that shows that the Iraq war is continuing to worsen the lives of thousands of people in different parts of the world. In the result, it has resulted in the opposition for this war. (Murray, 2003) Over nineteen thousand casualties have been suffered by the military of the United States, as the fourth year started on March 19, 2006 during the war in Iraq. The numbers of wounded soldiers in the war came out to be more than seventeen thousand in the Iraq, and approximately two thousand three hundred bodies of the U. S. soldiers were sent to the United States from the Iraq. In April 2003, a number of insurgents in the Iraq performed various operations that resulted in ninety-five percent of the abovementioned casualties of the soldiers. The fall of Baghdad in the Iraq is claimed to be one of the causes of the insurgency in the region. Signs of consistency and ferocity were showed by these Iraqi insurgents, especially during the violent period of September 11 in the same year 2003. (Moore, 2004) (Michael, 2006) In Fallujah, a bridge was used to hang the bodies of four contractors of the United States, who were killed by the Iraqi insurgents and mutilation of their bodies was done by the insurgents’ lethality was dramatically increased by this incident. In the result, the efforts for the Iraq war were escalated by the Bush government, and more costly war was the result of this escalation. In the second year of the war, wounded soldiers were 8,454 and 936 died by the operations of the opposition. (Danchev, 2005) All these casualties included a broken leg, or a broken arm, which created a sense of fear and opposition in the Iraqi, as well as, American civilians. A number of American soldiers were sent to their homes with one leg, or one hand that changed their lives from their scratch. A soldier, who used to protect the country, now can look in the sky and dream of doing the same, while sitting on his wheel chair. This was the condition of many soldiers in the United States. This resulted in the hatred towards the Bush government, and towards the decision of sending American soldiers in the Iraq. (Abrams, 2003) In this regard, the unsuccessful result of the Iraq War has resulted in a number of losses for the United States government, as well as, for the civilians of the Iraq, as well as, United States and other supportive countries that are engaged in the war in Iraq. (Michael, 2006) A range of serious health issues, as well as, mental disorders has been reported by many veterans of the Iraq War in the United States forces. Tumors, migraines, blood in urine, muscle pains, dysfunction of the sex, and a number of issues have been reported by the coalition forces in the Iraq. In this regard, utilization of radioactive depleted uranium has been found to be causing the abovementioned health issues and disorders in the coalition forces, which cannot be stopped during the war. Thus, the Iraq War has provided a number of serious losses to the United States government. (Murray, 2003) In addition, posttraumatic stress disorder has been found in a number of soldiers according to the New England Journal on Medicine that has published a study by the U. S. veterans in the year 2004. Before the deployment of these soldiers, 5 to 10 percent of the soldiers in these troops were already suffering from the abovementioned disorder, as the lethality of the insurgents and the Iraq war has tend the soldiers to face this disorder in them. On December 25, 2006, the total deaths of the 9/11, that is, 2973 deaths were equaled, and even surpassed by the death toll of military deaths of the United States in the Iraq. For instance, it was reported by an article in Newsday that the death toll of September 11 was pushed down by an explosion that occurred on the Christmas Day in the Iraq. The Iraq War has resulted in amputees of approximately five hundred American soldiers, as of January 18, 2007. A 24-year old corporal is considered the 500th victim of the Iraq War according to an article of the Time magazine. On January 12, 2007, a roadside bomb explosion resulted in the amputation of both of his legs. A number of soldiers have gone through the same situation and confrontation due to the war in Iraq, which tends to go for the opposition of this war. Mental illnesses, brain injuries related to the trauma have also been reported and found in the American soldiers due to the war in Iraq. Some level of care has been received by nearly two thousand soldiers that have injury in their brains due to several different reasons and causes related to the war in Iraq. (Abrams, 2003) This shows that the war in Iraq has deteriorated not only the lives of the Iraqi civilians and military, but has also resulted in the deterioration of the American civilians and lives of thousands of military officials and soldiers in the United States.

Taiwanese National Health Insurance Card :: Insurance Coverage Taiwan Essays

Taiwanese National Health Insurance Card Taiwanese government has been providing health insurance coverage to all its citizens since 1997. Initially, the National Health Insurance Agency managed and tracked citizen's medical usage via four versions of paper national health insurance card. The health insurance card, the newly born handbook, the pregnancy handbook, and major disease/handicap certificate. Whenever a citizen visits health clinic, the visit is recorded on the back of the appropriate ID. When the card is full, the citizen exchange the used card for a new one at the local NHI office. The NHI also receive medical records from medical establishments when they file for claims. Starting July 2003, the health insurance agency began its modernization process. It started consolidating four paper versions with the digital version-- a smart card containing IC chip. By Jan. 1, 2004, the entire country was upgraded to the digital NHI card. The goal of the modernization process is to reduce the NHI's operational overhead so that more resources may be directed toward medical care. It is expected to save over 42 billion NTD or roughly 1.2 USD over the period of seven years.5 In addition, visits to the health care provider will be more convenient, as patients no longer need to bring multiple ID/handbooks with them to medical facilities. And there will be no need to visit local NHI office for new ID cards. For health care providers, the digital card provides a electronic infrastructure that allows them to streamline the claim filing process avoiding mistakes. It also allow NHI to provide a more efficient collection mechanism to gather accurate information regarding ove rall citizen's health and disease statistics. Despite its well intention and the ambitious plan, the modernization plan has serious ethical consequences. When the modernization process is completed, the NHI will has the most extensive online database of Taiwanese citizens. The database will contain nearly every citizen's medical record for his or her entire life. It will also contain the most up to date personal information such as home and work addresses. Because of the extensive nature of the database, if the database is misused, the consequence will be severe. Furthermore, Several human rights advocacy group has pointed out the infrastructure is insufficient to protect citizens' privacy rights as well as the lack of will on government's side to protect individual's personal information. And there is fear that there is risk that the leaked medical information can be used to persecute a specific segment of the population.

Canturbury Tales: Situational Irony in the Pardoner’s Story

Situational Irony in The Pardoner’s Story In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer the Pardoner’s actions of dishonesty and greed are prime examples of situational irony. Situational irony is when something or someone does the opposite of what is expected. ‘In church he was a noble ecclesiast’ (Chaucer 141) The Pardoner is supposedly a man of God, yet he does not act like it. He is disrespectful and even dishonest. However, he comes off as righteous by telling biblical stories and preaching. By being hypocritical and greedy the Pardoner is the perfect example of situational irony. To begin, the Pardoner shows situational irony by being dishonest. He steals from the church constantly. ‘†¦with others I have power to win them from it, I can bring them to repent†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 151) Basically, he acts as a salesman by talking people into buying more pardons, and then keeps the money for himself. He uses his talent of thinking on his feet and coming up with great biblical stories to earn money, ‘A yokel mind loves stories of old, being the kind it can repeat and hold†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) He convinces people the things they have done are worse than they are, therefore they are conned into giving him more money, which he keeps all for himself. As ironic as it is to see the Pardoner be dishonest, it is even more ironic how greedy is. Like mentioned before he makes his living off of selling pardons, even pardons against avarice, yet he is very greedy himself. He admits he’ll go after anyone for money. ‘I mean to have money†¦though it were given to me by the poorest lad†¦ ’ (Chaucer 152) He admits to preaching only because he wants money saying, ‘A livelihood. I do not preach in vain†¦I mean to have money†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) It is also very apparent that the Pardoner is greedy enough to steal from the collection baskets in church, ‘But best of all he sang an Offertory†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 141) This implies he takes the money from there as well. In conclusion, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a living example of situational irony. He is dishonest and greedy. Instead of doing his duties to the church and helping others with sins, he takes advantage of peoples’ guilt and pockets the money. He does not care about the church and even admits to not liking work, ‘†¦Let me preach and beg from kirk to kirk and never do an honest job of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) This just sums up the situational irony of the Pardoner. He appears to be a man of God helping people absolve there sins, but ironically he is dishonest and greedy.

Public International Law

In addition to our syllabus, more of the oral and reporting which is usual in the class will take place. The lessons I learned from my English summer class are not that quite easy to analyze but with the help of our professor, it is more easy to understand because he taught very clearly. The PAP style syllabus which Is about the avoidance of plagiarism help me to know Its Limitations and rules that I should follow for us to know the Limit of exceeding in the line. Actually, there are many different ways to credit the author that you get your sources from, whether it is a book, magazine, newspaper or online research.Back in high school, whenever we are gathering information from different resources, we were always task to do the bibliography properly. Now in college, there were similarity in acknowledging the authors and the creditors, the deference is that when we are studying the PAP styles, it shows how broad the topic Is and how important to follow all the formats that were given In the syllabus. And It is not only we are studying the format in gathering from the book, but there were different given circumstances and example which is very helpful for me.Before, in other subjects when we are task to do some home works and there should be acknowledgements we Just copies the link of it, the thing is back then we didn't know that when we get from the online sites, there are still formats to follow which I knew now already and I'm not Joking that I actually already memorized how to credit the authors or even If here's not, the format of It are now clear In my mind and maybe In the future, the PAP style which we tackled is very helpful for us not to be accused for popularizing.Other lessons we learned, in the reporting area in particular the Narratives conventions and devices, teaching us on how to sequence properly the stories and the importance of order. Second, the Logical fallacies are a fallacy in logical argumentation. For example, Bandwagon Is a cause that has suddenly become fashionable or popular. Suggesting that simply because a lot of others are doing It, you should too.Last example is the Hasty generalizations, which draw a conclusion from insufficient evidence. In the end, the last topic in all the reporting is the writing process, which is a several steps to go through to make up to an essay. First to the last steps are the preprinting, writing, revising, editing and publishing. For me, the importance of reading is very helpful whenever I write reflection papers or essays. Actually It has a significant number of benefits.Beforehand, I'm really not Into instructor would always say to us that for us to be fluent and good in English, we should read every day for us to widen our vocabulary and ideas that will refreshed our minds, and it expands our knowledge and discoveries which is a great help. Since reading is keeping your brain active, it will lessen your forgetfulness which results in better writing skills. So whenever I write some paper works, the ideas and imaginations is more broad that results in composing a good sentences and paragraphs.When the writing process was tackled in the reporting, I listed it down because if you like to be a good composer or a writer, the process and orders are very important to follow. And, following these steps is not only necessary to achieve a good grade; it would also develop your writing skill, and make you able to think in a more organized way. After all, writing is not only a product, rather, a process also. To sum it up, all the topics that we discussed really helped me. Maybe until before or after I graduate I can still use all the lessons I learned. Public International Law In addition to our syllabus, more of the oral and reporting which is usual in the class will take place. The lessons I learned from my English summer class are not that quite easy to analyze but with the help of our professor, it is more easy to understand because he taught very clearly. The PAP style syllabus which Is about the avoidance of plagiarism help me to know Its Limitations and rules that I should follow for us to know the Limit of exceeding in the line. Actually, there are many different ways to credit the author that you get your sources from, whether it is a book, magazine, newspaper or online research.Back in high school, whenever we are gathering information from different resources, we were always task to do the bibliography properly. Now in college, there were similarity in acknowledging the authors and the creditors, the deference is that when we are studying the PAP styles, it shows how broad the topic Is and how important to follow all the formats that were given In the syllabus. And It is not only we are studying the format in gathering from the book, but there were different given circumstances and example which is very helpful for me.Before, in other subjects when we are task to do some home works and there should be acknowledgements we Just copies the link of it, the thing is back then we didn't know that when we get from the online sites, there are still formats to follow which I knew now already and I'm not Joking that I actually already memorized how to credit the authors or even If here's not, the format of It are now clear In my mind and maybe In the future, the PAP style which we tackled is very helpful for us not to be accused for popularizing.Other lessons we learned, in the reporting area in particular the Narratives conventions and devices, teaching us on how to sequence properly the stories and the importance of order. Second, the Logical fallacies are a fallacy in logical argumentation. For example, Bandwagon Is a cause that has suddenly become fashionable or popular. Suggesting that simply because a lot of others are doing It, you should too.Last example is the Hasty generalizations, which draw a conclusion from insufficient evidence. In the end, the last topic in all the reporting is the writing process, which is a several steps to go through to make up to an essay. First to the last steps are the preprinting, writing, revising, editing and publishing. For me, the importance of reading is very helpful whenever I write reflection papers or essays. Actually It has a significant number of benefits.Beforehand, I'm really not Into instructor would always say to us that for us to be fluent and good in English, we should read every day for us to widen our vocabulary and ideas that will refreshed our minds, and it expands our knowledge and discoveries which is a great help. Since reading is keeping your brain active, it will lessen your forgetfulness which results in better writing skills. So whenever I write some paper works, the ideas and imaginations is more broad that results in composing a good sentences and paragraphs.When the writing process was tackled in the reporting, I listed it down because if you like to be a good composer or a writer, the process and orders are very important to follow. And, following these steps is not only necessary to achieve a good grade; it would also develop your writing skill, and make you able to think in a more organized way. After all, writing is not only a product, rather, a process also. To sum it up, all the topics that we discussed really helped me. Maybe until before or after I graduate I can still use all the lessons I learned.

The view that secondary socialisation is responsible for the creation of gender identities in the contemporary UK Essay Example

The view that secondary socialisation is responsible for the creation of gender identities in the contemporary UK Essay Example The view that secondary socialisation is responsible for the creation of gender identities in the contemporary UK Essay The view that secondary socialisation is responsible for the creation of gender identities in the contemporary UK Essay In this essay, I shall be discussing the roles of secondary socialisation in both the creation and promotion of existing gender identities in the UK. The two social institutions I will be looking at are education, and the media these both constitute as being ways of how we are socialised into particular roles, in this case through secondary socialisation. Firstly, we need to establish what gender roles are so we are able to discuss the importance of socialisation in education and the media on these roles. Ann Oakley distinguishes between sex (the biological differences between males and females) and gender (culturally created differences), in that she focuses on what society defines as masculine and feminine behaviours, roles, attitudes, expectations and so on. Gender identity is the result of gender role socialisation, unlike sex, which is biologically determined. When discussing masculinities and femininities we need to appreciate that these are not merely two types of gender identities, but that in fact, there are different types of these identities. This has been highlighted by Connell, who illustrated that there are both dominant and subordinate forms of these identities, for example, gay sexuality is a subordinate from of masculinity. So in fact, we should not be referring merely to masculinity and femininity, but to masculinities and femininities. Drawing on the nature/nurture debate, Joan Smith (1997) stated that men and women become different because they are treated differently. In other words, socialisation and upbringing are more important than nature. This suggests that biological differences in fact play no, or little, part in how our behaviour differs, but that in fact, gender identities are actually socially constructed, and then promoted through various social institutions. Evidence to support the social construction of gender identities comes from research into AIS, and also from cross cultural studies which show that different cultures define acceptable gender roles differently, proving that biology is not the main factor in determining male and female behaviour. Discussion of popular culture, including the roles of magazines and books leads us to consider: How are men and women represented in popular culture, and what role does this play in reproducing gender roles and identities? Firstly, we shall look at the idea that the education system is responsible for the creation of gender identities in the UK. Most importantly, we will be looking at how males and females learn their gender identities in education by assessing the role of childrens books in the promotion of, or the distinction between, gender identities. We already know that educational institutions play an important role in socialising children for adult roles, but how exactly do we learn our gender identities from education? Michelle Stanworth (1983) introduced the idea of a hidden curriculum whereby not only do children learn formal subjects such as Maths, English etc. , but from the school experience, they are also receiving hidden messages about their class, ethnicity, and gender. As Stanworth found, this may be from the teachers in a study, one male teacher was quoted as saying, of one of his female students, that she was likely to become: a personal assistant to someone rather important. (I. e. this teacher means a man. ) In addition, it has been found that male students are likely to get more attention from staff than girls, even if girls outnumbered boys. An important way we learn our gender identities in education is through the use of books. Dale Spender suggested that women are made invisible in our culture, in that their lives and achievements are not represented as being as being of any significance, or may even be trivialised. This idea is supported perfectly when we look at childrens books. Many studies, including Lobban (74) and Best (93) have provided us with interesting findings. In the majority of childrens books, male characters tend to outnumber female characters by anything up to three to one. Additionally, when female characters do appear, they are likely to be in traditionally stereotypical female roles. Male characters often appear as being heroes, are adventurous, and out of the home situation. How does this affect the children who are reading the books, and how does it promote gender identities? Young girls are likely to get the impression that they should serve men (happy servitude), and the use of male heroes implies that women need to be rescued. For boys, they learn that men are big, adventurous, heterosexual and also protect women. These effects are a clear example of how this form of secondary socialisation (education) promotes, and highlights the differences between gender identities. The second way we are socialised into gender roles is through the media. This includes books, the radio, television, videos and films, but we will look more specifically at magazines. In Angela McRobbies findings (82), she demonstrated perfectly that the magazines girls read do in fact redefine, or even create, gender identities. When looking at Jackie magazine, she found that it helped to define girls identities and expectations from childhood onwards. She focused particularly on how the magazine constructed a female world based around the ideals of romance, fashion, and pop music. The effects this had on young girls was that it promoted the idea that their primary task was to get a man and that their primary identity would be based on getting a man. Ferguson (85) added to this idea, stating that womens magazines promote the view that women should concentrate on cooking, housework, and childcare. Furthermore, these are seen to be the main roles of women, and clearly define female identity as one which is centred around housework and childcare. Although Ferguson recognises that since her first studies in the 40s, there has been a change in how this message is promoted in magazines, she does reiterate that nowadays, the predominant message is one of femininity being centred on childcare and housework. Taking a more general look at magazines aimed at females, we can draw certain conclusions about how we learn our gender identities through the media. Most magazines aimed at young women, seem to have an unhealthy concern with appearance, health, and beauty. Many of the articles focus on diets, especially so called celebrity diets which are an even more effective way of promoting diets, as young women are more likely to imitate the behaviour of people who they already look up to. This promotes the view that females should predominantly focus on their appearance. Looking at a recent issue of Company magazine, we can see that there are 49 health and beauty articles, compared to six articles on real life issues. This implies to the reader that health, beauty, and physical appearance are more important than real life issues, socialising them into a female gender identity based on these values. When looking at (heterosexual) mens magazines, such as FHM or Loaded, we can see that they are based around the idea that a mans main interest is to have sex. Most of the articles are written in a way which almost give advice on how to get women. The magazine is socialising the reader into what is nowadays seen as typical masculine behaviour. This is done by the content being predominantly about lad-culture, and provides a good source, for young males, of somewhere to learn typical male behaviour from. This shows how secondary socialisation can create gender identities in the UK. To conclude, we need to look at other factors, aside from secondary socialisation, and cannot ignore the main source for our socialisation, (primary socialisation,) which is the family. Our parents are likely to treat us differently from other siblings of a different sex, although it may be unintentional. This can include the way they dress us, they way they may restrain or encourage particular behaviour we display, and may even be evident in the toys they buy us. For example, giving boys tractors encourages them to do manual work and giving girls dolls encourages them to be caring and motherly. This is surely an important institution, and we must acknowledge its effects on the promotion of gender identities. We also need to reiterate that there are different types of masculinities and femininities, and need to recognise how these might be promoted through secondary socialisation. For example, nowadays, there are many different types of men represented in the media. We are shown more traditional men such as Tony Blair who has a high-powered job and has a wife and children. But also, we are faced with images of David Beckham, who, although being a football player, (a typically masculine career,) has challenged typical masculine roles, by toying with feminine identities, without actually being homosexual. He has done this by, for example, wearing nail varnish, or by appearing on the cover of gay magazine Attitude. To conclude, we have seen that both the media, and education do socialise gender specific behaviour into us from an early age. Personally, I do not find one of these institutions to be more effective than the other, but when considering other institutions, such as peer group influence, and the effects of the family, we can see that our gender identity is very much taught to us, and is by no means biologically predetermined, instinctual behaviour.